Authorship Theory Essay Example For Students

Authorship Theory Essay For a host of persuasive but commonly disregarded reasons, the Earl of Oxford has quietly become by far the most compelling man to be found behind the mask of Shake-speare. As Orson Welles put it in 1954, I think Oxford wrote Shakespeare. If you dont agree, there are some awful funny coincidences incidences to explain away. Some of these coincidences are obscure, others are hard to overlook. A 1578 Latin encomium to Oxford, for example, contains some highly suggestive praise: Pallas lies concealed in thy right hand, it says. Thine eyes flash fire; Thy countenance shakes spears. Elizabethans knew that Pallas Athena was known by the sobriquet the spear-shaker. The hyphen in Shake-speares name also was a tip-off: other Elizabethan pseudonyms include Cutbert Curry-knave, Simon Smell-knave, and Adam Fouleweather student in asse-tronomy. FN*. The case for Oxfords authorship hardly rests on hidden clues and allusions, however. One of the most important new pieces of Oxfordian evidence centers around a 1570 English Bible, in the Geneva translation, once owned and annotated by the Earl of Oxford, Edward de Vere. In an eight-year study of the de Vere Bible, a University of Massachusetts doctoral student named Roger Stritmatter has found that the 430-year-old book is essentially, as he puts it, Shake-speares Bible with the Earl of Oxfords coat of arms on the cover. Stritmatter discovered that more than a quarter of the 1,066 annotations and marked passages in the de Vere Bible appear in Shake-speare. The parallels range from the thematicsharing a motif, idea, or tropeto the verbalusing names, phrases, or wordings that suggest a specific biblical passage. In his research, Stritmatter pioneered a stylistic-fingerprinting technique that involves isolating an authors most prominent biblical allusionsthose that appear four or more times in the authors canon. After compiling a list of such diagnostic verses for the writings of Shake-speare and three of his most celebrated literary contemporariesFrancis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe, and Edmund SpenserStritmatter undertook a comparative study to discern how meaningful the de Vere Bible evidence was. He found that each authors favorite biblical allusions composed a unique and idiosyncratic set and could thus be marshaled to distinguish one author from another. Stritmatter then compared each set of diagnostics to the marked passages in the de Vere Bible. The results were, from any perspective but the most dogmatically orthodox, a stunning confirmation of the Oxfordian theory. Stritmatter found that very few of the marked verses in the de Vere Bible appeared in Spensers, Marlowes, or Bacons diagnostic verses. On the other hand, the Shake-speare canon brims with de Vere Bible verses. Twenty-nine of Shake-speares top sixty-six biblical allusions are marked in the de Vere Bible. Furthermore, three of Shake-speares diagnostic verses show up in Oxfords extant letters. All in all, the correlation between Shake-speares favorite biblical verses and Edward de Veres Bible is very high: . 439 compared with . 054, . 068, and . 020 for Spenser, Marlowe, and Bacon. Was Shake-speare the pen name for Edward de Vere, Earl of Oxford, or must we formulate ever more elaborate hypotheses that preserve the old byline but ignore the appeal of common sense and new evidence? One favorite rejoinder to the Oxfordian argument is that the authors identity doesnt really matter; only the works do. The plays the thing has become the shibboleth of indifference-claiming doubters. These four words, however, typify Shake-speares attitude toward the theater about as well as the first six words of A Tale of Two Cities express Charles Dickenss opinion of the French Revolution: It was the best of times. In both cases, the fragment suggests an authorial perspective very different from the original context. The plays the thing, Hamlet says, referring to his masque The Mouse-trap, wherein Ill catch the conscience of the king. Hardly a prÃÆ'Â ©cis for advocating the death of the author, Hamlets observation reports that dramas function comes closer to espionage than to mere entertainment. Hamlets full quote is, in fact, a fair summary of the Oxfordian reading of the entire cannon. If pressed, Shake-speare, like Hamlet, would probably deny a plays topical relevance. But, as an ambitious courtier, he would have valued his dramaturgical ability to comment on, lampoon, vilify, and praise people and events at Queen Elizabeths court. It is hard to deny that Hamlet is the closest Shake-speare comes to a picture of the dramatist at work. Nowadays, assertions that one can recover the authors perspective from his own dramatic self-portraits are often ridiculed as naive or simplistic. Yet the conversethat Shake-speare somehow evaded the realities and particulars of his own life in creating his most enduring, profound, and nuanced charactersis absurd on its face. Themes in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight EssayHis first marriage to Anne Cecil left him a widower, like Lear, with three daughters, of whom the elder two were married. His second marriage produced only one son, whose patrilineal claims could conceivably be challenged by Oxfords bastard sona mirror of the gullible Earl of Gloucesters situation. As if highlighting one of the thematic underpinnings of King Lear, in his Bible, Oxford marked Hosea 9:7 The prophet is a fool; the spiritual man is mad, which Lears daughter Goneril inverts in her venomous remark that Jesters do oft prove prophets.. Prospero. The Tempests exiled nobleman, cast-away hermit, and scholarly shaman provides the authors grand farewell to a world that he recognizes will bury his name, even when his book is exalted to the ends of the earth. Oxfordians, in general, agree with scholarly tradition that The Tempest was probably Shake-speares final playand many concur with the German Stratfordian critic Karl Elze that all external arguments and indications are in favor of the play being written in the year 1604. Before he takes his final bow, Prospero makes one last plea to his eternal audience. Drawing from a contiguous set of Oxfords marked verses at Ecclesiasticus 28:1-5 concerning the need for reciprocal mercy as the precondition of human freedom, Prospero delivers his farewell speech with the hopes that someone will take him at his word:. R elease me from my bands With the help of your good hands! Gentle breath of yours my sails Must fill or else my project fails, Which was to please. Now I want Spirits to enforce, art to enchant, And my ending is despair, Unless I be relievd by prayer, Which pierces so that it assaults Mercy itself and frees all faults. As you from crimes would pardond be, Let your indulgence set me free. Like Hamlet, The Tempests aristocrat cum magus begs those around him to hear his story and, in so doing, to free him from his temporary chains. The rest, as the academic ghost-chase for the cipher from Stratford has ably demonstrated, is silence. At the end of The Tempest, Prospero uses the metaphors of shipwrecks and stormy weather to deliver his closing salvo against the desolate island he called home. During the final year of his life, the Earl of Oxford clearly had such imagery on his mind, as can be seen in his eloquent April 1603 letter to his former brother-in-law, Robert Cecil, on the death of Queen Elizabeth: In this common shipwreck, mine is above all the rest, who least regarded, though often comforted, of all her followers, she hath left to try my fortune among the alterations of time and chance, either without sail whereby to take the advantage of any prosperous gale, or with anchor to ride till the storm be overpast. The alterations of time and chance have been cruel to Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford. But the last five years of discoveries and developments have made two things increasingly clear: the tempest has broken, and Prosperos indulgence is finally upon us. Added material. FOOTNOTE* Another intriguing reference comes from the satirist Thomas Nashe, who included a dedication to a Gentle Master William in his 1593 book Strange News, describing him as the most copious poet in England. He alludes to the blue boar, Oxfords heraldic emblem, and roasts William with the Latin phrase Apis lapis, which translates as sacred ox.. I am a sort of haunted by the conviction that the divine William is the biggest and most successful fraud ever practised on a patient world. The more I turn him round and round the more he so affects me. But that is allI am not pretending to treat the question or to carry it any further. It bristles with difficulties, and I can only express my general sense by saying that I find it almost as impossible to conceive that Bacon wrote the plays as to conceive that the man from Stratford, as we know the man from Stratford, did.

Necrotizing Fasciitis/Myosits (Flesh Eating Disease) Essays

Necrotizing Fasciitis/Myosits (Flesh eating Disease) Necrotizing Fasciitis is also known as the flesh-eating disease. It is a rare disease that causes the deterioration of the flesh, causing extensive destruction of the tissues. It can kill. The disease is very uncommon and only infects about one in a million people each year in Canada. There is some concern and suggestions that cases of this disease may be on the increase. Most of these serious infections occur between the months of October and March. The good news is that fifty to seventy percent of people who get this disease recover. When people get this illness, the symptoms are fever, severe pain, and a red, painful swelling which spreads rapidly. The disease spreads very rapidly through flesh at a rate of one inch or almost three centimetres per hour. Death can occur in just 18 hours. The layers of tissue that surround the muscle are called fascia. When the disease spreads along the layers of tissue that surround muscle, it is called Necrotizing Fasciitis. Once the disease spreads into the muscle tissue, it is called Necrotizing Myositis. Background The first record of the disease was in France in 1783. The disease occurred throughout the 1800's and 1900's, but was usually only found in military hospitals in times of war. Some outbreaks have occurred also in civilian populations. There seemed to be some decrease in the 1940's, and then another outbreak in the 1980's. Ontario is the only province in Canada where there is statistics on serious group a streptococcal infections (including necrotizing fasciitis). These cases are reported to health authorities. Surveillance for group A streptococcus began in 1991 in Canada. In Ontario, in 1994, 19 cases of serious disease were reported to health authorities. Of those 19, six died. There were only 9 cases in 1993, and 27 cases in 1992, and 25 cases in 1991. Cause Flesh eating disease is caused by several bacteria, one of them is group A streptococcus. A bacteria that causes sore throats and strep throats in kids, as well as in teenagers, is group A streptococcus. This is the same bacteria that causes impetigo, rheumatic fever and scarlet fever. Group A streptococcus also causes a general bad feeling. Ten to fifteen per cent of school children could carry the bacteria in their throat and have no symptoms. Group A Streptococcus can be spread by close personal contact, such as kissing or sharing drinks or cutlery, with an infected person, but flesh eating disease can not be. Symptoms Symptoms include fever, severe pain and a red, painful swelling. Some side effects can result from group A streptococcus. Serious life-threatening diseases, such as streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome can occur. When serious disease develops, the sore throat is usually not present. Treatment Treatment includes the surgical removal of infected tissue or amputation if necessary. Also, if one is lucky, giving drugs like penicillin, will work. There are no vaccines available to prevent group A streptococcus. Health Canada and other researchers are working to develop new strategies and treatments to combat disease outbreaks when they occur. Some scientists believe that the bacteria makes proteins that causes the body's immune system to destroy both the bacteria and the body, in addition to proteins that destroy tissue directly. Flesh-eating disease Matt Sanderson May 27,1995 Bibliography 1. Bureau of Communicable Disease Epidemiology, Laboratory Center for Disease Control, Health Protection Branch, Health Canada, "Necrotizing Fasciitis". 2. Public Health Region, Rosetown , Saskatchewan, "Flesh-eating disease".

Atomic Bomb Essays (1728 words) - Radioactivity, Manhattan Project

Atomic Bomb Atomic Bomb During wartime, horrible atrocities against all of humanity must be dealt with. Crimes against humanity, as never witnessed before, and hopefully to never be seen again, occurred during the course of World War II. America has always, and most likely will always place a high value on American lives. In order to protect these lives and to insure that the world is safe for democracy, American leaders had to make a very tough decision, whether or not to drop the atomic bomb on Japan. This act would essentially trade Japanese lives for American lives. The Japanese were responsible for hundreds of thousands of American casualties in the Pacific, including the unprovoked attack on Pearl Harbor. With Japanese forces showing no signs of surrender, American leaders made a decision. This decision essentially changed the history of warfare forever. An atomic bomb is any weapon that gets its destructive power from an atom. This power comes when the matter inside of the atoms is transformed into energy. The process by which this is done is known as fission. The only two atoms suitable for fission are the uranium isotope U-235 and the plutonium isotope Pu-239. Fission occurs when a neutron, a subatomic particle with no electrical charge, strikes the nucleus of one of these isotopes and causes it to split apart. When the nucleus is split, a large amount of energy is produced, and more free neutrons are also released. These neutrons strike other atoms, which causes more energy to be released. If this process is repeated, a self-sustaining chain reaction will occur, and it is this chain reaction that causes the atomic bomb to have its destructive power. The first type of atomic bomb ever used was a gun-type. In this type two subcritical pieces of U-235 are placed in a device similar to the barrel of an artillery shell. One piece is placed at one end of the barrel and will remain there at rest. The other subcritical mass is placed at the other end of the barrel. A conventional explosive is packed behind the second subcritical mass. When the fuse is triggered, a conventional explosion causes the second subcritical mass to be propelled at a high velocity into the first subcritical mass. The resulting combination causes the two subcritical masses to become a supercritical mass. When this supercritical mass is obtained, a rapid self-sustained chain reaction is caused. This type of atomic bomb was used on Hiroshima, and given the nickname "Little Boy" after Franklin D. Roosevelt. The second type of atomic bomb is an implosion bomb. In this type a subcritical mass, which is in the shape of a ball, is placed in the center of the weapon. This subcritical mass is surrounded in a spherical arrangement of conventional explosives. When the fuse is triggered all of the conventional explosives explode at the same time. This causes the subcritical mass to be compressed into a smaller volume, thus creating a supercritical mass to be formed. After this supercritical mass is obtained, a self-sustained chain reaction takes place and causes the atomic explosion. This type of atomic bomb was used on Nagasaki, and given the nickname "Fat Man" after Winston Churchill. The blast from an atomic bomb's explosion will last for only one-half to one second, but in this amount of time a great deal of damage is done. A fireball is created by the blast, which consists mainly of dust and gasses. The dust produced in this fireball has no substantial effect on humans or their environment. However, as the gasses expand a blast wave is produced. As this blast wave moves, it creates static overpressure. This static overpressure then in turn creates dynamic pressure. The static overpressure has the power to crush buildings. The dynamic pressure creates winds, which have the power to blow down trees. The blast pressure and fireball together only last for approximately eleven seconds, but because it contains fifty percent of the atomic bomb's latent energy a great deal of destruction occurs. In Hiroshima, the blast from the atomic bomb was measured to be about four and a half to six and seven tenths tons of pressure per square meter, while in Nagasaki the blast was measured to be about six to eight tons of pressure per square meter. Because of this dramatic change in the pressure most of the cities were destroyed. The static overpressure in Hiroshima destroyed between sixty-two and ninety thousand buildings, while in Nagasaki all of the buildings within three thousand feet of the center of the blast were completely destroyed. The static overpressure created a dynamic pressure

Facts and History of Turkey

Facts and History of Turkey At the crossroads between Europe and Asia, Turkey is a fascinating country. Dominated by Greeks, Persians, and Romans in turn throughout the classical era, what is now Turkey was once the seat of the Byzantine Empire. In the 11th century, however, Turkish nomads from Central Asia moved into the region, gradually conquering all of Asia Minor. First, the Seljuk and then the Ottoman Turkish Empires came to power, exerting influence over much of the eastern Mediterranean world, and bringing Islam to southeast Europe. After the Ottoman Empire fell in 1918, Turkey transformed itself into the vibrant, modernizing, secular state it is today. Capital and Major Cities Capital: Ankara, population 4.8 million Major Cities: Istanbul, 13.26 million Izmir, 3.9 million Bursa, 2.6 million Adana, 2.1 million Gaziantep, 1.7 million Government of Turkey The Republic of Turkey is a parliamentary democracy. All Turkish citizens over the age of 18 have the right to vote. The head of state is the president, currently Recep Tayyip ErdoÄŸan. The prime minister is head of government; Binali YÄ ±ldÄ ±rÄ ±mis the current prime minister. Since 2007, presidents of Turkey are directly elected, and the president appoints the prime minister. Turkey has a unicameral (one house) legislature, called the Grand National Assembly or Turkiye Buyuk Millet Meclisi, with 550 directly elected members. Parliament members serve four-year terms. The judicial branch of government in Turkey is rather complicated. It includes the Constitutional Court, the Yargitay or High Court of Appeals, the Council of State (Danistay), the Sayistay or Court of Accounts, and military courts. Although the overwhelming majority of Turkish citizens are Muslims, the Turkish state is staunchly secular. The non-religious nature of Turkish government has historically been enforced by the military since the Republic of Turkey was founded as a secular state in 1923 by General Mustafa Kemal Ataturk. Turkeys Population As of 2011, Turkey has an estimated 78.8 million citizens. The majority of them are ethnically Turkish - 70 to 75% of the population. Kurds make up the largest minority group at 18%; they are concentrated primarily in the eastern portion of the country and have a long history of pressing for their own separate state. Neighboring Syria and Iraq also have large and restive Kurdish populations - the Kurdish nationalists of all three states have called for the creation of a new nation, Kurdistan, at the intersection of Turkey, Iraq, and Syria. Turkey also has smaller numbers of Greeks, Armenians, and other ethnic minorities. Relations with Greece have been uneasy, particularly over the issue of Cyprus, while Turkey and Armenia disagree vehemently over the Armenian Genocide carried out by Ottoman Turkey in 1915. Languages The official language of Turkey is Turkish, which is the most widely-spoken of the languages in the Turkic family, part of the larger Altaic linguistic group. It is related to Central Asian languages such as Kazakh, Uzbek, Turkmen, etc. Turkish was written using the Arabic script until Ataturks reforms; as part of the secularizing process, he had a new alphabet created that uses the Latin letters with a few modifications. For example, a c with a small tail curving beneath it is pronounced like the English ch. Kurdish is the largest minority language in Turkey  and is spoken by about 18% of the population. Kurdish is an Indo-Iranian language, related to Farsi, Baluchi, Tajik, etc. It may be written in the Latin, Arabic or Cyrillic alphabets, depending upon where it is being used. Religion in Turkey: Turkey is approximately 99.8% Muslim. Most Turks and Kurds are Sunni, but there are also important Alevi and Shia groups. Turkish Islam has always been strongly influenced by the mystical and poetic Sufi tradition, and Turkey remains a stronghold of Sufism. It also hosts tiny minorities of Christians and Jews. Geography Turkey has a total area of 783,562 square kilometers (302,535 square miles). It straddles the Sea of Marmara, which divides southeastern Europe from southwestern Asia. Turkeys small European section, called Thrace, borders on Greece and Bulgaria. Its larger Asian portion, Anatolia, borders Syria, Iraq, Iran, Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia. The narrow Turkish Straits seaway between the two continents, including the Dardanelles and the Bosporus Strait, is one of the worlds key maritime passages; it is the only access-point between the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. This fact gives Turkey enormous geopolitical importance. Anatolia is a fertile plateau in the west, gradually rising to rugged mountains in the east. Turkey is seismically active, prone to large earthquakes, and also has some very unusual landforms such as the cone-shaped hills of Cappadocia. Volcanic Mt. Ararat, near the Turkish border with Iran, is believed to be the landing-place of Noahs Ark. It is Turkeys highest point, at 5,166 meters (16,949 feet). Climate of Turkey Turkeys coasts have a mild Mediterranean climate, with warm, dry summers and rainy winters. The weather becomes more extreme in the eastern, mountainous region. Most regions of Turkey receive an average of 20-25 inches (508-645 mm) of rain per year. The hottest temperature ever recorded in Turkey is 119.8 ° F (48.8 ° C) at Cizre. The coldest temperature ever was -50  °F (-45.6 ° C) at Agri. Turkish Economy: Turkey is among the top twenty economies in the world, with a 2010 estimated GDP of $960.5 billion US and a healthy GDP growth rate of 8.2%. Although agriculture still accounts for 30% of jobs in Turkey, the economy relies on industrial and service sector output for its growth. For centuries a center of carpet-making and other textile trade, and a terminus of the ancient Silk Road, today Turkey manufactures automobiles, electronics and other high-tech goods for export. Turkey has oil and natural gas reserves. It is also a key distribution point for Middle Eastern and Central Asia oil and natural gas moving to Europe and to ports for export overseas. The per capita GDP is $12,300 US. Turkey has an unemployment rate of 12%, and more than 17% of Turkish citizens live below the poverty line. As of January  2012, the exchange rate for Turkeys currency is 1 US dollar 1.837 Turkish lira. History of Turkey Naturally, Anatolia had a history before the Turks, but the region did not become Turkey until the Seljuk Turks moved into the area in the 11th century CE. On August 26, 1071, the Seljuks under Alp Arslan prevailed at the Battle of Manzikert, defeating a coalition of Christian armies led by the Byzantine Empire. This sound defeat of the Byzantines marked the beginning of true Turkish control over Anatolia (that is, the Asian portion of modern-day Turkey). The Seljuks did not hold sway for very long, however. Within 150 years, a new power rose from far to their east  and swept toward Anatolia. Although Genghis Khan himself never got to Turkey, his Mongols did. On the 26th of June, 1243, a Mongol army commanded by Genghiss grandson Hulegu Khan defeated the Seljuks in the Battle of Kosedag  and brought down the Seljuk Empire. Hulegus Ilkhanate, one of the great hordes of the Mongol Empire, ruled over Turkey for about eighty years, before crumbling away around 1335 CE. The Byzantines once more asserted control over parts of Anatolia as the Mongol hold weakened, but small local Turkish principalities began to develop, as well. One of those small principalities in the northwestern part of Anatolia began to expand in the early 14th century. Based in the city of Bursa, the Ottoman beylik would go on to conquer not only Anatolia and Thrace (the European section of modern-day Turkey), but also the Balkans, the Middle East, and eventually parts of North Africa. In 1453, the Ottoman Empire dealt a death-blow to the Byzantine Empire when it captured the capital at Constantinople. The Ottoman Empire reached its apogee in the sixteenth century, under the rule of Suleiman the Magnificent. He conquered much of Hungary in the north, and as far west as Algeria in northern Africa. Suleiman also enforced religious tolerance of Christians and Jews within his empire. During the eighteenth century, the Ottomans began to lose territory around the edges of the empire. With weak sultans on the throne  and corruption in the once-vaunted Janissary corps, Ottoman Turkey became known as the Sick Man of Europe. By 1913, Greece, the Balkans, Algeria, Libya, and Tunisia had all broken away from the Ottoman Empire. When World War I broke out along what had been the boundary between the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Turkey made the fatal decision to ally itself with the Central Powers (Germany and Austria-Hungary). After the Central Powers lost World War I, the Ottoman empire ceased to exist. All of the non-ethnically Turkish lands became independent, and the victorious Allies planned to carve Anatolia itself into spheres of influence. However, a Turkish general named Mustafa Kemal was able to stoke Turkish nationalism  and expel the foreign occupation forces from Turkey proper. On November 1, 1922, the Ottoman sultanate was formally abolished. Almost a year later, on October 29, 1923, the Republic of Turkey was proclaimed, with its capital at Ankara. Mustafa Kemal became the first president of the new secular republic. In 1945, Turkey became a charter member of the new United Nations. (It had remained neutral in World War II.) That year also marked the end of single-party rule in Turkey, which had lasted for twenty years. Now firmly aligned with the western powers, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, much to the consternation of the USSR. With the republics roots going back to secular military leaders such as Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, the Turkish military views itself as the guarantor of secular democracy in Turkey. As such, it has staged coups in 1960, 1971, 1980 and 1997. As of this writing, Turkey is generally at peace, although the Kurdish separatist movement (the PKK) in the east has been actively trying to create a self-governing Kurdistan there since 1984.

No idea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

No idea - Essay Example For CPS Energy, industry rivalry and threat from new entrants were critical factors to redefine business model and introduce technology and use of smartphones. It had introduced Megellan program that exploited smartphone and other technology to enhance its operational efficiency. Smartphone helped the large force in the field to remain connected with the corporate offices and site offices so that problems could be easily traced and rectified at shorter time period. It saved lot of time because photos taken from smartphones were immediately sent from site to the engineers at the office who could diagnose issues and suggest remedies. The information was then sent to the field worker who was nearest to the problem site and solve the issue. Moreover, information technology significantly contributed to streamlining various operation processes like inventory, accounts etc. and helped the company to save huge financial expenses. Lloyd construction was relatively small business enterprise which hugely benefitted by using technology like smartphones and computerization of its processes. Coordinating the 100 workers, 30 trucks and more than 400 dumpsters was gigantic task that was made easy through the use of smartphone and technology. The GPS system helped in tracing its fieldworkers and equipment. The workers were trained in using technology and the pilot run helped the company to better manage its operations located at various sites. The smartphones were equipped with e-tracing software and travel data that could show real time position of people and equipment. It considerably reduced the time wastage by field staff and increased work efficiency. It saved nearly 30% fuel cost and about 15% increase in performance which helped it to compete with its rival and new entrants in tough market conditions. I strongly believe that organizational

Organizational culture is fundamentally about symbolic meaning and as Essay - 8

Organizational culture is fundamentally about symbolic meaning and as such cannot be managed. Discuss - Essay Example The management team should use harmonious management skills to ensure the diversity is well utilized for the benefit of the organization. This work entails whether organizational culture is manageable or not. Organizational culture management means leaders picking and encouraging fruitful behaviors or human characteristics within the organization. They are meant to evaluate the existing culture then make comparisons with attributed or desired culture to meet the organization’s objectives. But first, the leaders ought to understand such goals or objectives then identify best cultures to meet them (Cox, 2003). The two tasks require special skills since any faulty move may see the whole plan ruined. The existing organizational ideas or norms should be critically analyzed to determine their certainty. The management ought to conduct a departmental survey where each organizational member is engaged in some interviews to verify their perceptions on the existing culture. The finding should be used to make necessary changes or adjustments to improve the organizations’ productivity. These amendments should be done in such away that organizational members have humble time to adjust to them. Top management leaders can encourage their subjects to work in defined groups/ teams then monitor or supervise them. Team work requires workers to interact and communicate in harmony to increase their productivity. This is majorly applied in technological, medical, business and research oriented fields. Team work has got several advantages, for instance, it is associated with great achievement. Working as a team would ensure the task is completed successful since there are several eyes to spot any mistake and rectify it. Each member may have a personal alternative to be analyzed before the best is implemented. It is also associated with self-improvement or appreciation. Working as a team creates flexibility and adaptability among workers (Bell, 2006). One may learn new i deas from a team mate and with time, such experience may help one rise in rank within the organization. Furthermore, team work can enable one learn different skills in a single set up; hence one can handle emergencies should other team mates be held up in other duties. Appreciating each team member is a kind of motivational scheme, hence increased productivity. It helps workers resolve their conflict as they work in the team, furthermore, the aspect of sharing idea would compel them appreciate each other to an extent that they can stand for one another in case of a certain crisis within the organization Management team can use defensive methods to ensure organizational members strictly adhere to some stipulated rules, beliefs, language and dress code among other organizational aspects. Any deviation from the above may lead to suspension, expultion and demotion among other sort of punishments. Members are compeled to act or behave in a certain way for some safety within the organizat ion. Here workers are under some pressure to avoid some mistakes that jeopardize their terms of being in the organization. Defensive management is applicable in educational institutions, private and governmental work places, military organizations and religious organizations among others. Organizational members tend to violate their personal believes or principles just to please their bosses. This kind of management has got some advantages, for i

A Detailed Insight into Indonesia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

A Detailed Insight into Indonesia - Essay Example The largest and the most famous amongst these are Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, New Guinea, and Sulawesi. It shares borders with Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, East Timor, Singapore, Philippines and Australia. Since this country is located right near the Australian, Pacific and Eurasian tectonic plates, it is an earthquake prone country and also sees a high level of volcanic activity. Indonesia is a hot and humid tropical country and experiences a lot of rain. Since its location is on the seacoast, Indonesia has long been an important trade center, right from the seventh century with strong trade relations with China and India. As a result, it adopted many Indian and Chinese cultural and religious practices and had many Hindu and Buddhist dynasties that ruled here. Its rich natural resources have also attracted many other foreign traders, who also added their cultural influences. The Muslim traders brought in the religion of Islam, while European powers that have also left a cultural impac t, fought over the right of the Spice Trade in the island of Maluku. The different ethnic and various religious societies that inhabit the various islands of Indonesia are different from each other and they reflect the natural diversity of this colorful country. Although the islands that form this archipelago are all connected to each other through trade, wars, politics and the formation of the republic of Indonesia, they have managed to stay apart, culturally.